Semaglutide is a synthetic peptide that is a structural analog of human glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), which is a hormone involved in glucose metabolism. It is specifically designed to be longer-acting than natural GLP-1 by resisting degradation by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) and by having a stronger binding affinity to the GLP-1 receptor.

The molecular form of Semaglutide is as follows: C187H291N45O59.

The unique numeric chemical compound identifier for Semaglutide is: 910463-68-2.

Relative molecular weight: 4113.64 g/mol.

Other terms: Ozempic, Wegovy, GLP-1 and NN9535.

Semaglutide isn’t suitable for everyone. Here are some groups of people who should avoid using it:

1. People with a personal or family history of certain thyroid cancers: Semaglutide can increase the risk of developing thyroid tumors, so it’s not recommended for individuals with a history of thyroid cancer or a condition called Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia syndrome type 2.

2. Pregnant or breastfeeding women: There isn’t enough research to ensure it’s safe for use during pregnancy or while breastfeeding.

3. Children: It’s not approved for use in children for most conditions, except for specific cases under medical advice.

4. People with a history of severe gastrointestinal diseases: Because Semaglutide affects the digestive system, those with conditions like severe stomach problems or slowed digestion should avoid it.

5. People allergic to the components of Semaglutide: If you’re allergic to any ingredients in Semaglutide, you should not use it.

Semaglutide can have a variety of side effects, which can range from mild to severe. Here are some common ones that users might experience:

1. Gastrointestinal issues: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach pain, and constipation are quite common.
2. Fatigue: Feeling unusually tired or weak can occur.
3. Digestive problems: Indigestion and heartburn can sometimes happen.

Less common but more serious side effects include:

1. Pancreatitis: Inflammation of the pancreas, which can cause severe stomach pain that doesn’t go away.
2. Gallbladder problems: Such as gallstones, which might lead to pain, nausea, or fever.
3. Kidney issues: Changes in kidney function or kidney failure, marked by swelling in the feet or ankles, a decrease in urine output, or other related symptoms.
4. Severe hypoglycemia: Especially when taken with other diabetes medications, it can lead to dangerously low blood sugar levels.

Additionally, as mentioned before, there is an increased risk of thyroid tumors, including cancer. Symptoms like a lump or swelling in the neck, trouble swallowing, shortness of breath, or persistent hoarseness can be indicators of thyroid cancer.

Semaglutide works by mimicking the hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), a naturally occurring hormone that plays a crucial role in regulating blood sugar levels and appetite in the human body. GLP-1 is released by the intestines after eating and stimulates insulin production, reduces glucagon secretion, and slows gastric emptying to help control blood sugar and promote satiety. Semaglutide boosts these effects, increasing insulin when blood sugar is high, decreasing glucagon to lower sugar entry into the blood, and prolonging feelings of fullness.

Semaglutide is used primarily to treat two main conditions:

1. Type 2 Diabetes: It improves blood sugar control in adults with type 2 diabetes by enhancing insulin release, reducing glucagon secretion, and delaying gastric emptying.

2. Obesity and Overweight: It is used for chronic weight management in adults with obesity or overweight, particularly those with weight-related medical problems. It helps reduce appetite and caloric intake.

Recommended Doses:

For Type 2 Diabetes:

• The treatment typically starts with a low dose to minimize gastrointestinal side effects. The starting dose is usually 0.25 mg once weekly for four weeks. The dose is then increased to 0.5 mg once weekly. Depending on the individual’s need and tolerance, it may be further increased to 1.0 mg and potentially up to 2.0 mg once weekly.

For Weight Management:

• The starting dose for obesity treatment is also 0.25 mg once weekly, gradually increasing over several weeks to reduce side effects. The typical maintenance dose is 2.4 mg once weekly after dose escalation over approximately 16-20 weeks.

For both conditions, semaglutide is administered via subcutaneous injection. It’s important that patients follow their healthcare provider’s instructions closely and discuss any side effects or concerns they might have during treatment.

Yes, semaglutide is widely used in scientific research, especially in studies on diabetes, obesity, and other metabolic disorders. Its efficacy and mechanism of action as a GLP-1 receptor agonist make it a valuable target for studying its broader use and understanding its potential benefits and limitations.

STEP 1. Research on the effectiveness of Semaglutide among people with obesity and overweight

Sponsor Novo Nordisk in 2021 published the final results of a study involving more than 2,000 people who were 18 years of age or older. The main criterion for selecting participants was a body mass index above 27. The study lasted 68 weeks. During this time, participants took Semaglutide injections regularly every week. People were randomly divided into two groups – those taking Semaglutide and a placebo. 

The research’s conclusions were surprising. People who took regular injections of Semaglutide at a dosage of 2.4 mg per week managed to reduce their weight by an average of 15%. On the other hand, people who took a placebo achieved only a 2.4% reduction in body fat. The most popular side effects of Semaglutide include fatigue, nausea, dizziness, and vomiting. You can read the full report on the results of the STEP 1 study on the official website: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03548935. 

STEP 2. Research on the effectiveness of Semaglutide among people who have type 2 diabetes

The second study involved 1,210 people who have type 2 diabetes and overweight problems. The participants were randomly divided into three groups: 1 mg dosage, 2.4 mg dosage, and taking a placebo. 

The results showed high efficacy of the drug in the group that took Semaglutide 2.4 mg dosage per week (about 9% weight loss). The placebo group showed a -3.4% weight loss result over the 68 weeks of treatment. Some adverse effects included: vomiting, diarrhea, and dizziness. The official source of the study: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03552757. 

STEP 3. Research on the effectiveness of Semaglutide for weight loss with a healthy lifestyle

The next study’s participants were overweight people over 18 years of age who had no diabetes. The main phase traditionally lasted 68 weeks, during which 611 patients took Semaglutide and placebo paired with a healthy diet. Participants maintained a healthy lifestyle and exercised.

The patients who took Semaglutide weekly showed amazing results. This group of people managed to reduce their weight by 16%. Individuals who took a placebo achieved negligible results (5.7% weight loss). These results show that by adding diet and sport to the therapy, the results are significantly improved. You can read the full report at the official source: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03611582. 

STEP 4. Research on comparing Semaglutide with a placebo for weight reduction

The aim of the fourth study was to compare the effect of Semaglutide with placebo on weight loss in obese people. The trial was divided into several stages and different groups of randomly selected people. The participants took Semaglutide for the first 20 weeks, and after that, they switched to a placebo.

As a result, after 68 weeks of taking Semaglutide injections and a placebo, the first group showed a 7.9% weight loss. From week 20 to 68, the patients took a placebo and showed a result of +6.9%. To find out more details about the 4 study, please visit the website: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03548987. 

STEP 5. Research on the effectiveness and safety of Semaglutide for weight loss over two years

The latest study took two years, and the total number of participants was 304 overweight. Some took 2.4 mg of Semaglutide weekly, and some took a placebo.

108 weeks after the study started, the group of people who took Semaglutide distinguished themselves with excellent performance (16% weight loss). On the other hand, those who took a placebo were able to reduce their weight by only 2.6% after two years. More information on the official source: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03693430.

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